Chemistry Fundamentals
Organic
Definition
- Study of carbon-containing compounds
- Primarily involves C-H bonds
- Found in living organisms
Key Characteristics
- Covalent bonding predominates
- Lower melting and boiling points
- Generally non-polar or weakly polar
- Soluble in organic solvents
- Flammable in nature
Examples
- Carbohydrates (sugars, starch)
- Proteins and amino acids
- Lipids and fats
- Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
- Hydrocarbons (methane, ethane)
Applications
- Pharmaceuticals and medicines
- Plastics and polymers
- Food industry
- Cosmetics and perfumes
- Fuels and energy sources
Inorganic
Definition
- Study of non-carbon compounds
- Includes minerals and metals
- Found in non-living matter
Key Characteristics
- Ionic bonding is common
- Higher melting and boiling points
- Generally polar compounds
- Soluble in water
- Non-flammable substances
Examples
- Salts (NaCl, KCl)
- Metals (Iron, Copper, Gold)
- Acids (HCl, H₂SO₄)
- Bases (NaOH, KOH)
- Minerals and rocks
Applications
- Construction materials
- Electronics and semiconductors
- Catalysts in industry
- Fertilizers for agriculture
- Pigments and dyes